Kenoland is a game of chance with no skill required to win. In its submissions to the ACMA, the licensee stated that the ‘commercial was clearly depicted as a gambling advertisement’ and from viewing the advertisement, the ACMA is satisfied it was a Commercial relating to Betting or Gambling, as that term is defined in Appendix 3 of the Code. AHA Welcomes Synthetic Lottery and Kenoland Ban: July 1, 2018: Macau Gross Gaming Revenue up 12.5 Percent Y-on-Y in June 2018: July 1, 2018: Red Card to Lotteries: July 1, 2018: Government Seeks Assistance for Crime Branch to Monitor Lottery Sales: June 29, 2018.

Kenorland was one of the earliest known supercontinents on Earth. It is thought to have formed during the NeoarchaeanEra c. 2.72 billion years ago (2.78Ga) by the accretion of Neoarchaean cratons and the formation of new continentalcrust. It comprised what later became Laurentia (the core of today's North America and Greenland), Baltica (today's Scandinavia and Baltic), Western Australia and Kalaharia.^[1]

Swarms of volcanic dikes and their paleomagnetic orientation as well as the existence of similar stratigraphic sequences permit this reconstruction. The core of Kenorland, the Baltic/Fennoscandian Shield, traces its origins back to over 3.1 Ga. The Yilgarn Craton (present-day Western Australia) contains zircon crystals in its crust that date back to 4.4 Ga.

Formation[edit]

Kenorland was formed around 2.72 billion years ago (2.72 Ga) as a result of a series of accretion events and the formation of new continental crust.^[2]

Kenoland is drawn every 4 minutes, find out more at Lottoland.com.au. KELOLAND News, Weather, Sports for Sioux Falls, South Dakota, northwest Iowa and southwest Minnesota. A Symbol of the Fine Traditions of the Thoroughbred. From its inception, Keeneland's founders intended it to be a special place – one that symbolizes the best in Thoroughbred racing in the heart of horse country.

The accretion events are recorded in the greenstone belts of the Yilgarn Craton as metamorphosed basalt belts and granitic domes accreted around the high grade metamorphic core of the Western Gneiss Terrane, which includes elements of up to 3.2 Ga in age and some older portions, for example the Narryer Gneiss Terrane.

Breakup or disassembly[edit]

Paleomagnetic studies show Kenorland was in generally low latitudes until tectonic magma-plume rifting began to occur between 2.48 Ga and 2.45 Ga. At 2.45 Ga the Baltic Shield was over the equator and was joined to Laurentia (the Canadian Shield) and both the Kola and Karelia cratons.^[3] The protracted breakup of Kenorland during the Late Neoarchaean and early Paleoproterozoic Era 2.48 to 2.10 Gya, during the Siderian and Rhyacian periods, is manifested by mafic dikes and sedimentary rift-basins and rift-margins on many continents.^[1] On early Earth, this type of bimodal deep mantle plume rifting was common in Archaean and Neoarchaean crust and continent formation.

The geological time period surrounding the breakup of Kenorland is thought by many geologists to be the beginning of the transition point from the deep-mantle-plume method of continent formation in the Hadean to Early Archean (before the final formation of the Earth's inner core) to the subsequent two-layer core-mantleplate tectonics convection theory. However, the findings of an earlier continent, Ur, and a supercontinent of around 3.1 Gya, Vaalbara, indicate this transition period may have occurred much earlier.

The Kola and Karelia cratons began to drift apart around 2.45 Gya, and by 2.4 Gya the Kola craton was at about 30 degrees south latitude and the Karelia craton was at about 15 degrees south latitude. Paleomagnetic evidence shows that at 2.45 Gya the Yilgarn craton (now the bulk of Western Australia) was not connected to Fennoscandia-Laurentia and was at about ~5 degrees south latitude.^{[citation needed]}

This implies that at 2.45 Gya there was no longer a supercontinent and by 2.515 Gya an ocean existed between the Kola and Karelia cratons. Also, there is speculation based on the rift margin spatial arrangements of Laurentia, that at some time during the breakup, the Slave and Superior cratons were not part of the supercontinent Kenorland, but, by then may have been two different Neoarchaean landmasses (supercratons) on opposite ends of a very large Kenorland. This is based on how drifting assemblies of various constituent pieces should flow reasonably together toward the amalgamation of the new subsequent continent. The Slave and Superior cratons now constitute the northwest and southeast portions of the Canadian Shield, respectively.

The breakup of Kenorland was contemporary with the Huronianglaciation which persisted for up to 60 million years. The banded iron formations (BIF) show their greatest extent at this period, thus indicating a massive increase in oxygen build-up from an estimated 0.1% of the atmosphere to 1%. The rise in oxygen levels caused the virtual disappearance of the greenhouse gasmethane (oxidized into carbon dioxide and water).

The simultaneous breakup of Kenorland generally increased continental rainfall everywhere, thus increasing erosion and further reducing the other greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide. With the reduction in greenhouse gases, and with solar output being less than 85% its current power, this led to a runaway Snowball Earth scenario, where average temperatures planet-wide plummeted to below freezing. Despite the anoxia indicated by the BIF, photosynthesis continued, stabilizing climates at new levels during the second part of the ProterozoicEra.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abPesonen et al. 2003, Abstract
2. ^Halla 2005, Introduction, p. 22
3. ^Mertanen 2004, p. 190

Bibliography[edit]

• Arestova, N. A.; Lobach-Zhuchenko, S. B.; Chekulaev, V. P.; Gus'kova, E. G. (2003). 'Early Precambrian mafic rocks of the Fennoscandian shield as a reflection of plume magmatism: Geochemical types and formation stages'(PDF). Russian Journal of Earth Sciences. 5 (3): 145–163. doi:10.2205/2003es000126. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
• Aspler, L. B.; Chiarenzilli, J. R.; Cousens, B. L.; Davis, W. J.; McNicoll, V. J.; Rainbird, R. H. (1999). 'Intracratonic basin processes from breakup of Kenorland to assembly of Laurentia: new geochronology and models for Hurwitz Basin, Western Churchill Province'(PDF). Contributions to the Western Churchill NATMAP Project; Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
• Halla, J. (2005). 'Neoarchean sanukitoids (2.74–2.70 Ga)'(PDF). In Halla, J.; Nironen, M.; Lauri, L. S.; Kurhila, M. I.; Käpyaho, A.; Sorjonen-Ward, P.; Äikäs, O. (eds.). Eurogranites 2005: Proterozoic and Archean Granites and Related Rocks of the Finnish Precambrian. University of Helsinki. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
• Mertanen, Satu (2004). Paleomagnetic Evidences for the Evolution of the Earth during Early Paleoproterozoic. Symposium EV04: Interaction of Endogenic, Exogenic and Biological Terrestrial Systems(PDF).
• Pesonen, L. J.; Elming, S.-Å.; Mertanen, S.; Pisarevsky, S.; D’Agrella-Filho, M. S.; Meert, J. G.; Schmidt, P. W.; Abrahamsen, N.; Bylund, G. (2003). 'Palaeomagnetic configuration of continents during the Proterozoic'. Tectonophysics. 375 (1–4): 289–324. Bibcode:2003Tectp.375..289P. doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(03)00343-3. Retrieved March 12, 2016.

The Australian Hotels Association (AHA) has welcomed the Federal Government’s approval of laws which will prohibit gambling on the outcome of lotteries and Keno, by online companies such as Lottoland.

The recent passing of the Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 was supported by all sides of the House and AHA National CEO, Stephen Ferguson, praised all sides of Government for the move, which the association has been lobbying for.

“Along with the Newsagents Association, Clubs and Tabcorp, the AHA has lobbied vigorously to have parasite gambling products such as Lottoland and Kenoland banned,” Ferguson told TheShout.

“Kenoland and Lottoland are a multinational foreign owned gambling operator hiding in the gambling haven of Gibraltar that pay zero gambling tax in Australia. Kenoland encouraged Australians to gamble on line 24 hours a day with zero consumer and harm minimisation protections.”

Ferguson also said: “Kenoland diverted revenue from Australian hotels and state and territory governments used to support their communities.

“In comparison, the Keno offered in Australian hotels pay taxes in Australian States and Territories, is wholly owned and regulated within Australia, is offered only within a supervised retail environment and helps hotels support over 50,000 community groups at the grass roots level

“The Bill was supported 75 to 1 in the Senate and we thank all sides of government for supporting Australian hotels.”

Minister for Communications, Senator Mitch Fifield said the Government was committed to ensuring gambling takes place under a robust legislative framework with strong consumer protections and within the boundaries of community standards.

“This legislation will also protect the more than 4,000 small businesses including newsagents, pharmacies and community clubs and pubs across the country who operate long-standing, recreational betting services,” he said.

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The amendments stipulate online bets will not be able to be accepted on the outcome, or any aspect, of a lottery or keno draw after a six month transition period.

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The Australian Communications and Media Authority will enforce compliance, respond to any complaints and take stronger action against the provision of illegal online gambling services to Australians.